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OCR: The extra rich fuel-air ratio required for starting and running a cold engine is provided by the choke valve, which reduces the pressure in the venturi section and therefore increases fuel flow dramatically. Needless to say, operating the choke is very expensive in terms of fuel consumption. Despite the many inherent limitations in the carburator, it has been used ever since the invention of the gas engine because it can be very simple and inexpensive. However, its limitations are severe, and most carburators in use today are fairly complicated, both to overcome the limitations and meet modern automotive emission requirements. Some of these limitations and their solutions are described below: 1) Limited range of airflow for proper carburation. If an engine is to produce maximum power, ther ...